Home » Our Passion » Legal Resources » Suppression of Evidence (Search & Seizure)
Suppression of Evidence (Search & Seizure): Table of Contents
View Full Document
Part V: Suppression of Evidence (Search & Seizure)
- FOURTH AMENDMENT CASE LAW UPDATE…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
- THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE, SUPPRESSION OF EVIDENCE, AND PROTECTING THE CITIZENRY FROM ITS PROTECTORS 1
- THE GOOD FAITH EXCEPTION TO THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
- EXCEPTIONS TO OFFICER’S “GOOD FAITH” RELIANCE UPON WARRANT…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
- “SUBJECTIVE” GOOD-FAITH INSUFFICIENT: OFFICER’S RELIANCE WAS NOT REASONABLY BASED UPON “OBJECTIVE” STANDARDS 2
- FRANKS-TYPE MISREPRESENTATIONS IN OBTAINING WARRANT 3
- MAGISTRATE NOT “NEUTRAL AND DETACHED” 3
- AFFIDAVIT TOTALLY LACKING IN PROBABLE CAUSE 3
- FACIALLY DEFICIENT WARRANT 4
- TIMELINESS 4
- RELIABILITY OF INFORMANT AND/OR INFORMATION: 4
- RELIANCE ON PRECEDENT THAT WAS SUBSEQUENTLY HELD UNCONSTITUTIONAL 4
- ANYTIME IT WOULD BE “UNREASONABLE” TO RELY ON THE WARRANT 5
- COLLECTIVE BAD FAITH (WHAT IS GOOD FOR THE GOOSE) 5
- OTHER CASES 5
- -OVER BREADTH AND GENERAL SEARCH:………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
- -NO NEXUS BETWEEN PROBABLE CAUSE AND THE PLACE TO BE SEARCHED
- …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
- ANTICIPATORY WARRANTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
- BURDEN OF PROOF ON PROSECUTION TO DEMONSTRATE “GOOD FAITH”…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
- GOOD FAITH RELIANCE ON SUMMONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
- “GOOD FAITH” EXCEPTION APPLIES TO WARRANTLESS ADMINISTRATIVE SEARCHES AUTHORIZED BY STATUTE LATER FOUND UNCONSTITUTIONAL……………………………………………………………………………………. 9
- LEON “GOOD FAITH” EXCEPTION DOES APPLY TO OTHER WARRANTLESS SEARCHES………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
- “GOOD FAITH” EXCEPTION DOES NOT APPLY TO STATUTORY SUPPRESSION REMEDIES………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
- GOOD FAITH MUST BE OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
- STATES ARE FREE TO PROVIDE GREATER PROTECTIONS FOR THEIR CITIZENRY UNDER STATE CONSTITUTION AND STATUTES………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
- SEVERAL STATES HAVE REJECTED ANY LEON “GOOD FAITH” EXCEPTION……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
- GOOD FAITH EXCEPTION TO A STOP…………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
- WARRANTS 16
- WARRANT SHOULD BE PREFERRED PRACTICE……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
- WHO MAY ISSUE A SEARCH WARRANT?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
- REQUIREMENT OF PRESENTING WARRANT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
- FEDERAL OFFICERS HAVE LIMITED AUTHORITY……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
- Postal Inspectors 18
- Immigration Officers 18
- FBI 18
- S. Marshals 19
- Double Duty: 19
- STATE OFFICERS AUTHORITY TO ARREST/SEARCH……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
- SEARCHES BY PRIVATE PERSONS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
- AIRLINE EMPLOYEES……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
- TEST FOR WHETHER GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IS SUFFICIENT TO A WARRANT FOURTH AMENDMENT PROTECTIONS………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
- MAIL COURIERS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
- SCHOOL OFFICIALS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
- VIOLATION OF STATUTES……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
- POSSE COMITATUS ACT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
- VIOLATION OF AGENCY REGULATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
- PROCEDURAL RULES CANNOT CIRCUMVENT THE FOURTH AMENDMENT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
- WARRANTLESS SEARCHES: SHIFT IN SUPREME COURT’S PHILOSOPHY (“ONLY A FEW NARROWLY DEFINED EXCEPTIONS”) HAS BEEN TRANSMOGRIFIED INTO “A WIDE RANGE OF DIVERSE …FLEXIBLE COMMON SENSE EXCEPTIONS” 23
- EXCEPTIONS TO WARRANT REQUIREMENT: 23
- PLAIN VIEW 23
- PLACE FROM WHICH ITEM IS OBSERVED (NOT SUCH A PLAIN VIEW)…………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
- “PLAIN VIEW” NEED NOT BE INADVERTENT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
- “IMMEDIATELY APPARENT” ITEM IN “PLAIN VIEW” IS EVIDENCE OF CRIME
- …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
- AUDIO TAPES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
- WRITINGS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
- FIREARMS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
- STEREO EQUIPMENT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
- PLASTIC BAGS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
- “PLAIN TOUCH” DOCTRINE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
- “IMMEDIATELY APPARENT” MEANS NO MORE THAN “PROBABLE CAUSE” TO BELIEVE……………………………………………………………………….. 26
- INVESTIGATION PRECLUDES “IMMEDIATELY APPARENT”…………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
- SEARCH OF SEIZED ITEMS MAY STILL REQUIRE A WARRANT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
- “FIELD TEST”…………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
- EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES 29
- DANGER TO LIVES OF OFFICERS OR OTHERS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
- DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
- HOT PURSUIT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
- GOVERNMENT CANNOT CREATE ITS OWN EXIGENCY…………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
- NO EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
- SAFETY STATUTE MUST BE LIMITED TO ITS SAFETY PURPOSE: 31
- PUBLIC SAFETY/EMERGENCY EXCEPTION TO WARRANT REQUIREMENT:……………………………………………………………………….. 31
- EMERGENCY EXCEPTION LIMITED TO SAFETY PURPOSE WARRANTING INITIAL INTRUSION……………………………………………………………………….. 31
- NO MURDER SCENE EXCEPTION TO WARRANT REQUIREMENT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
- NO MEDICAL EMERGENCY BEYOND SCOPE OF MEDICAL NECESSITY: . 32
- NO FIRE SAFETY EXCEPTION BEYOND FIRE SAFETY NEEDS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
- DRUG TESTING CONSTITUTES A SEARCH:…………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
- “…WELL MEANING BUT WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING”…………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
- ADMINISTRATIVE SEARCHES 34
- NO CIVIL FORFEITURE EXCEPTION TO WARRANT REQUIREMENT 36
- FOURTH AMENDMENT DOES NOT APPLY TO SEARCHES, BY U.S. AGENTS, OF ALIEN’S PROPERTY IN FOREIGN COUNTRY: 36
- REMEDY FOR FOURTH AMENDMENT VIOLATION OF ILLEGALLY SEIZED EVIDENCE IS MOTION TO SUPPRESS AND HEARING 37
- PRE-INDICTMENT RETURN/SUPPRESSION OF SEIZED PROPERTY…………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
- NECESSITY TO OBJECT AT TRIAL…………………………………………………………………………………….. 38
- CHALLENGING THE WARRANT QUOTIENT FOR DETERMINING PROBABLE CAUSE 38
- PROBABLE CAUSE IS STILL THE STANDARD……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40
- CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO GO BEHIND FOUR CORNERS OF SEARCH WARRANT AFFIDAVIT WHERE PRIMA FACIA SHOWING OF MISSTATEMENT MADE………………………………………………………………………………….. 40
- OMISSIONS MAY CONSTITUTE MISREPRESENTATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 41
- EVEN LITERAL TRUTHS MAY CONSTITUTE MISREPRESENTATION…………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
- MISREPRESENTATIONS AS TO ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF WIRETAP STATUTE……………………………………………………………………….. 42
- TO CONSTITUTIONALLY MANDATE AN EVIDENTIARY HEARING TO CHALLENGE THE VERACITY OF A WARRANT THE DEFENDANT MUST………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
- GOVERNMENT’S RIGHT TO GO BEHIND THE FOUR CORNERS TO SHORE UP PROBABLE CAUSE………………………………………………………………………………….. 43
- CANNOT SUPPORT WITH POST-SEARCH TESTIMONY OF INFORMATION KNOWN TO OFFICERS AT TIME OF SEARCH………………………………………………………………………………….. 43
- SUFFICIENT PARTICULARITY……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44
- FIRST AMENDMENT MATERIALS TO BE DESCRIBED WITH “SCRUPULOUS EXACTITUDE”………………………………………………………………………………….. 44
- “NEW INFORMATION”……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44
- STALENESS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
- “MOTION TO SUPPRESS” IS THE PROPER VEHICLE TO CHALLENGE THE VERACITY OF THE RECITALS IN A SEARCH WARRANT AFFIDAVIT………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
- EXCEEDING THE SCOPE OF THE WARRANT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
- OFF-SITE SEARCHES, KEEPING ONLY WHAT IS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE WARRANT………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
- SEARCH WITHOUT A WARRANT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
- STATE SEARCH IN FEDERAL COURT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
- DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEARCHES 46
- SEIZURES FROM THE PERSON: 47
- PROBABLE CAUSE MUST BE INDIVIDUALIZED…………………………………………………………………………………….. 47
- IMMIGRATION “FACTORY SURVEYS”…………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
- CANNOT EVEN “FRISK” FOR WEAPONS WITHOUT REASONABLE SUSPICION DIRECTED AT A PARTICULAR PERSON……………………………………………………………………….. 48
- INFORMANTS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 49
- SEARCH INCIDENT TO ARREST…………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
- STRIP SEARCH OF TEMPORARY DETAINEES AND PRISONERS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 51
- DEMAND THAT VISITORS COMING INTO A JAIL UNDERGO BODY CAVITY SEARCHES HELD UNCONSTITUTIONAL……………………………………………………………………….. 52
- PROBABLE CAUSE TO ARREST OR SEARCH IS SUM OF SHARED INFORMATION
- ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 52
- MUST BE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN OFFICERS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
- SEIZURE OF BLOOD…………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
- DRUG TESTING CONSTITUTES A SEARCH…………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
- BODY CAVITY SEARCHES IN JAIL……………… Error! Bookmark not
- BODILY INTRUSIONS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 53
- FROM AN AUTOMOBILE 53
- REQUIREMENT OF A WARRANT FOR CONTAINERS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 53
- BRIGHT LINE RULE: SEARCH INCIDENT TO AUTO ARREST…………………………………………………………………………………….. 54
- NEW YORK BELTON’S “BRIGHT LINE RULE” GETTING DIMMER…………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
- COURTS RETICENT TO ACCEPT POLICE JUSTIFICATION PRETEXT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
- “CUSTODIAL ARREST” REQUIREMENT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
- PROTECTIVE TERRY SEARCH OF VEHICLE’S PASSENGER COMPARTMENT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
- INVESTIGATIVE STOP OF A MOTOR VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 58
- SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT APPROVED…………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
- MUST AN “INVENTORY SEARCH” BE LIMITED TO ITS PURPORTED PURPOSE? 59 INVENTORY SEARCH……………………………………………………………………….. 59
- FROM AUTOMOBILE TO INVENTORY AND BACK AGAIN…………………………………………………………………………………….. 60
- POLICE REGULATIONS REGARDING IMPOUNDING AND INVENTORYING VEHICLES……………………………………………………………………….. 60
- MUST BE STANDARD POLICY OR REGULATION…………………………………………………………………………………….. 61
- INFORMANT’S TIP MAY DISPATCH WITH WARRANT REQUIREMENT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 62
- COMPOUNDING INFERENCES: ANONYMOUS TIP CORROBORATED BY INNOCENT ACTIVITY……………………………………………………………………….. 62
- CONTAINERS NOT INSIDE A VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 62
- “STATION HOUSE” INVENTORY…………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
- RIGHT TO BE ADVISED OF ALTERNATIVES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
- WHAT TYPE OF CONTAINERS ARE PROTECTED?…………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
- FROM A MOTORCYCLE 65
- FROM VESSELS 65
- VESSELS ON THE HIGH SEAS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
- FOREIGN VESSELS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
- WHEN IS A VEHICLE/VESSEL A HOME…………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
- AN AIRPLANE IS NOT AN AUTOMOBILE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
- FROM PREMISES: 67
- CONTAINERS WITHIN THE HOME…………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
- STATE STATUTES MAY LIMIT WHAT ITEMS MAY BE SEARCHED FOR…………………………………………………………………………………….. 68
- WARRANTLESS ENTRY AND SECURING OF HOME…………………………………………………………………………………….. 68
- FORCIBLE ENTRY OF PREMISES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 70
- KNOCK AND ANNOUNCE [18 S.C. 3109]…………………………………………………………………………………….. 70
- FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH “KNOCK AND ANNOUNCE” REQUIREMENT NOT EXCLUDED……………………………………………………………………….. 70
- AT AIRPORTS 71
- DRUG COURIER PROFILE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
- MERELY APPROACHING INDIVIDUAL IN PUBLIC PLACE NOT FOURTH AMENDMENT “SEIZURE” AND THEREFORE REQUIRES NEITHER “PROBABLE CAUSE” NOR “REASONABLE SUSPICION”……………………………………………………………………….. 72
- TAKING A JOG…………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
- EVEN OFFICER’S STATEMENT “I’M A POLICEMAN”, WITHOUT MORE DOES NOT CONVERT THE ENCOUNTER INTO A SEIZURE……………………………………………………………………….. 73
- NOR DOES BRIEFLY QUESTIONING PASSENGER AND REQUESTING CONSENT TO SEARCH CONVERT THE ENCOUNTER INTO A SEIZURE……………………………………………………………………….. 73
- ACCUSATORY STATEMENT CONSTITUTES “SEIZURE”…………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
- DEFENDANT MUST BE HALTED BEFORE HE IS SEIZED…………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
- LENGTH OF STOP MUST BE BRIEF…………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
- DETAINING LUGGAGE FOR ANY SIGNIFICANT PERIOD OF TIME CONSTITUTES A SEIZURE……………………………………………………………………….. 76
- ASKING PASSENGER TO ACCOMPANY OFFICER TO “OFFICE” CONSTITUTES AN ARREST……………………………………………………………………….. 77
- STOPS AT TWO DIFFERENT AIRPORTS “PRESUMES” AN ARREST REQUIRING PROBABLE CAUSE……………………………………………………………………….. 77
- EVEN WHERE INDIVIDUAL TRAVELING UNDER AN “ASSUMED NAME”, DRUG COURIER PROFILE ALONE DOES NOT CONSTITUTE “PROBABLE CAUSE”……………………………………………………………………….. 78
- FLIGHT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 78
- EXPLOITATION OF AIRPORT SECURITY POINTS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
- THREE LEVELS OF POLICE CITIZEN CONTACT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
- FOURTH AMENDMENT REQUIRES DETERMINATION OF PROBABLE CAUSE TO DETAIN INDIVIDUAL ARRESTED WITHOUT A WARRANT……………………………………………………………………….. 79
- RETURN TO McNABB/MALLORY RULE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 80
- “DRUG COURIER PROFILE” DOES NOT CONSTITUTE “REASONABLE SUSPICION”
- ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 80
- AUTO “DRUG COURIER” STOPS 82
- ADAPTING THE FACTS SOURCE OF DISTRIBUTION CITY…………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
- FIRST/LAST OFF AIRCRAFT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
- WALKING FAST OR WALKING SLOW…………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
- NERVOUSNESS/CALMNESS DURING POLICE ENCOUNTER…………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
- STARING AT NON-UNIFORMED OFFICERS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 84
- DAMNED IF YOU DO – DAMNED IF YOU DON’T…………………………………………………………………………………….. 85
- NERVOUSLY LOOKING AROUND…………………………………………………………………………………….. 85
- “SUSPICIOUS MINDS” AT THE BORDER…………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
- SUSPICIOUS TIMES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
- DAYTIME…………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
- NIGHTTIME…………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
- RIDING HIGH OR RIDING LOW…………………………………………………………………………………….. 87
- OUT-OF-STATE LICENSE PLATES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 87
- OTHER SUSPICIOUS VEHICLES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
- SUSPICIOUS MODUS OPERANDI…………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
- SUSPICIOUS DRIVING CHARACTERISTICS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
- SUSPICIOUS PASSENGERS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
- SUSPICIOUS WAVE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
- SUSPICIOUS ROADS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
- SUSPICIOUS CHICKEN…………………………………………………………………………………….. 91
- INVESTIGATIVE STOP AMOUNTS TO SEIZURE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 91
- “DRUG PACKAGE PROFILE”…………………………………………………………………………………….. 91
- BORDER SEARCHES 92
- FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENT OF THE BORDER…………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
- FIXED CHECKPOINTS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
- JUST ROUTINE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
- BORDER PATROL STOP…………………………………………………………………………………….. 93
- SEIZING DOCUMENTS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 93
- SPLIT IN CIRCUITS AS TO STANDARD [“REASONABLE SUSPICION” OR “CLEAR INDICATION” REQUIRED……………………………………………………………………….. 94
- SUSPECT WHO REFUSES X-RAY MAY BE DETAINED UNTIL HE EXCRETES CONTRABAND……………………………………………………………………….. 94
- BORDER FRISK…………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
- LAPTOP COMPUTER SEARCHES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
- BORDER EXIT SEARCHES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
- SCHOOL SEARCHES 96
- ONE’S CASTLE IS PARTICULARLY PROTECTED 96
- THE “CURTILAGE” SURROUNDING A HOME IS INCLUDED WITHIN THE AREA OF HEIGHTENED PROTECTION……………………………………………………………………….. 97
- EVEN GREATER EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY IN ONE’S PERSON THAN ONE’S HOME……………………………………………………………………….. 98
- REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY…………………………………………………………………………………….. 99
- NO REASONABLE EXPECTATION…………………………………………………………………………………… 100
- “NAKED EYE” STANDARD…………………………………………………………………………………… 101
- “ENHANCED” OBSERVATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………… 101
- VIDEO CAMERA SEARCH…………………………………………………………………………………… 102
- GARBAGE…………………………………………………………………………………… 102
- SEARCHES OF RURAL AREAS AND OPEN FIELDS 102
- COMMERCIAL PROPERTY 102
- GOVERNMENT OFFICES 103
- PERVASIVELY REGULATED INDUSTRIES 103
- FOURTH AMENDMENT PROTECTIONS UNDER “SAFETY STATUTES” 103
- SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT APPROVED:…………………………………………………………………………………… 103
- CANINE SEARCHES: GOING TO THE DOGS 104
- SNIFFING SCHOOL DOGS…………………………………………………………………………………… 105
- THE UNTESTED CANINE NOSE…………………………………………………………………………………… 105
- MARKONI HAS GONE TO THE DOGS…………………………………………………………………………………… 105
- SEARCHES IMPLICATING THE FIRST AMENDMENT 106
- CONSENT 107
- SCOPE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 108
- CONSENT OF CUSTODIAL ARRESTEE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 108
- CONSENT FOLLOWING ILLEGAL ARREST……………………………………………………………………………………………… 109
- DEMONSTRATION OF ATTENUATION……………………………………………………………………………………………… 109
- POISONED FRUIT DEEMED PALATABLE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
- CONSENT OBTAINED BY FRAUD OR TRICKERY……………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
- HANDCUFFS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
- DRAWN GUNS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
- ATTACKING POLICE DOGS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
- THIRD PARTY CONSENT……………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
- APPARENT AUTHORITY TO CONSENT……………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
- TODDLER UNAUTHORIZED TO CONSENT TO SEARCH OF PARENT’S BEDROOM
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 112
- SPOUSAL CONSENT……………………………………………………………………………………………… 112
- CONSENT OF MINORS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 112
- CONSENT SOUGHT AFTER REQUEST FOR COUNSEL [EDWARDS V. ARIZONA] 112 CONSENT TO SOBRIETY TEST VS. RIGHT TO COMMUNICATE WITH COUNSEL 113 VIDEOTAPED ANSWERS TO POLICE SOBRIETY QUESTIONS………………………………………………………………………………… 113
- STANDING 114
- WHO IS PERSON AGGRIEVED? 115
- ALIEN…………………………………………………………………………………… 115
- OWNER OF PREMISES…………………………………………………………………………………… 115
- OWNERSHIP OF ITEM ENTRUSTED TO ANOTHER…………………………………………………………………………………… 115
- NO PROPRIETARY INTEREST IN DWELLING…………………………………………………………………………………… 116
- LESSEE…………………………………………………………………………………… 117
- FAILURE TO ASSERT INTEREST…………………………………………………………………………………… 117
- FAILURE TO PAY RENT…………………………………………………………………………………… 117
- MOTEL ROOMS…………………………………………………………………………………… 118
- MOTEL GUEST’S EXPECTATIONS AFTER CHECKOUT TIME…………………………………………………………………………………… 118
- MOTEL ROOMS AND EAVESDROPPING NEIGHBORS…………………………………………………………………………………… 118
- OVERNIGHT TRAIN BERTHS…………………………………………………………………………………… 119
- CORPORATE OFFICES…………………………………………………………………………………… 119
- OWNER OF VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………… 119
- POSSESSOR OF VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………… 120
- RESURRECTING STANDING FROM ITS SUPINE POSITION BROWER v. INYO & PENNSYLVANIA BRUDER. (“A WORD MEANS WHAT WE WANT IT TO MEAN”)
- ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 120
- RENTAL VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………… 121
- “JOINT VENTURE” OR “CO-CONSPIRATOR” STANDING…………………………………………………………………………………… 122
- NON-OWNER OF VEHICLE, NOT PRESENT AT SEARCH…………………………………………………………………………………… 122
- POSSESSORY INTEREST IN DRUGS WILL CONFER STANDING…………………………………………………………………………………… 122
- LIEN INTEREST IN PROPERTY…………………………………………………………………………………… 123
- ADDRESSEE & ADDRESSOR BOTH HAVE STANDING TO CONTEST SEARCH OF PACKAGE IN POSSESSION OF COMMON CARRIER……………………………………………………………………… 123
- DRIVER OF VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………… 123
- PASSENGER OF VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………… 123
- TAXI CABS…………………………………………………………………………………… 123
- LEGITIMATELY ON PREMISES…………………………………………………………………………………… 124
- PUBLIC PLACES…………………………………………………………………………………… 124
- POSSESSORY INTEREST IN ITEMS SEIZED…………………………………………………………………………………… 124
- CHECKED BAGGAGE…………………………………………………………………………………… 125
- CHARGED WITH “POSSESSORY CRIME”…………………………………………………………………………………… 125
- “AUTOMATIC STANDING” NOT DEAD, JUST RESTING…………………………………………………………………………………… 125
- TESTIMONY BY THE ACCUSED…………………………………………………………………………………… 125
- FAILURE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SIMMONS MAY BE CONSIDERED…………………………………………………………………………………… 126
- STIPULATION AS TO STANDING…………………………………………………………………………………… 126
- STANDING MAY NOT BE RAISED FOR THE FIRST TIME ON APPEAL…………………………………………………………………………………… 126
- DETERMINATION OF LEGALITY OF STOP OR SEARCH IN PRIOR PROCEEDING MAY “COLLATERAL ESTOP” RECONSIDERATION OF THAT ISSUE IN SUBSEQUENT PROSECUTION:……………………………………………………………………… 127
- VICE OF PROSECUTORIAL SELF-CONTRADICTION…………………………………………………………………………………… 127
- ABANDONMENT 128
- FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE (AS AN EXCEPTION TO THE LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY REQUIREMENT)……………………………………………………………………… 129
- EXPLICIT LABEL ON CONTAINER DOES NOT CONSTITUTE ABANDONMENT OF PRIVACY EXPECTATION……………………………………………………………………… 129
- SINGLE PURPOSE CONTAINERS…………………………………………………………………………………… 130
- NO NEED TO MAKE CLAIM OF OWNERSHIP…………………………………………………………………………………… 130
- TAINTED EVIDENCE 130
- FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 130
- TANGIBLE EVIDENCE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 131
- INEVITABLE DISCOVERY DOCTRINE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 131
- INDEPENDENT SOURCE DOCTRINE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 131
- GOVERNMENT HAS BURDEN OF PROOF TO SHOW “INDEPENDENT SOURCE” OF DISCOVERY OF OTHERWISE TAINTED EVIDENCE……………………………………………………………………… 133
- DISSIPATION OF “TAINT”…………………………………………………………………………………… 133
- NO “INEVITABLE DISCOVERY” OR “INDEPENDENT SOURCE” EXCEPTION UNDER TEXAS STATUTE……………………………………………………………………… 133
- IDENTIFICATION……………………………………………………………………………………………… 133
- ILLEGAL FRUITS AS PROBABLE CAUSE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 133
- CONFESSIONS 134
- CONFESSION OBTAINED BY EXPLOITATION OF FOURTH AMENDMENT VIOLATION: 134
- BURDEN OF PROOF…………………………………………………………………………………… 134
- WITNESS’ STATEMENTS AND TESTIMONY…………………………………………………………………………………… 134
- “CUSTODIAL” INTERROGATION: 135
- BADGE BEARING CELLMATE…………………………………………………………………………………… 136
- OVERHEARD CONVERSATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………… 137
- SILENCE IS GOLDEN…………………………………………………………………………………… 138
- DIFFERENT RULE APPLIED TO SILENCE UNDER TEXAS CONSTITUTION…………………………………………………………………………………… 138
- PROTECTED PLEA NEGOTIATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………… 138
- THE FORMER EXCULPATORY “NO” DOCTRINE…………………………………………………………………………………… 139
- MIRANDA APPLICABLE TO BORDER PATROL ARRESTS…………………………………………………………………………………… 139
- COERCED CONFESSIONS TO PRIVATE CITIZENS…………………………………………………………………………………… 139
- CONGRESS CANNOT CHANGE CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENT FOR MIRANDA WARNINGS……………………………………………………………………… 139
- MIRANDA VIOLATION TAINTS PROBABLE CAUSE…………………………………………………………………………………… 140
- INCRIMINATING STATEMENTS OBTAINED BY EXPLOITATION OF VIOLATION OF RIGHT TO COUNSEL 141
- POLICE MUST NOTIFY ATTORNEY ONCE SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO COUNSEL HAS ATTACHED……………………………………………………………………… 142
- STATEMENTS OBTAINED BY VIOLATION OF A DISCIPLINARY RULE…………………………………………………………………………………… 142
- STATEMENTS INDUCED BY POLICE PROMISES…………………………………………………………………………………… 143
- FOREIGN CONFESSIONS…………………………………………………………………………………… 144
- MIRANDA CANNOT GIVETH AND TAKETH AWAY…………………………………………………………………………………… 144
- REQUESTS FOR COUNSEL…………………………………………………………………………………… 144
- ONCE INVOKED, FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO COUNSEL CANNOT BE WAIVED WITHOUT COUNSEL’S PRESENCE……………………………………………………………………… 145
- PRESENCE OF COUNSEL SERVES TO INSURE TRUSTWORTHINESS…………………………………………………………………………………… 146
- REQUEST BY THIRD PARTY…………………………………………………………………………………… 147
- AMBIGUOUS REQUEST FOR COUNSEL…………………………………………………………………………………… 147
- SIXTH AMENDMENT “RIGHT TO COUNSEL” MORE EASILY INVOKED THAN FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHT……………………………………………………………………… 148
- PER SE EXCLUSION OF EDWARDS V. ARIZONA APPLIES WHEN RIGHT TO COUNSEL HAS BEEN EXPRESSLY INVOKED……………………………………………………………………… 149
- RETROACTIVITY OF EDWARDS…………………………………………………………………………………… 149
- PER SE RULE BECOMES PRESUMPTIVE…………………………………………………………………………………… 150
- EVEN VOLUNTEERED STATEMENTS HAVE BEEN EXCLUDED…………………………………………………………………………………… 150
- CANNOT OBTAIN WAIVER FROM ACCUSED “UNDER THE INFLUENCE”…………………………………………………………………………………… 150
- WAIVER BY MENTALLY RETARDED ACCUSED MUST BE MADE KNOWINGLY AND INTELLIGENTLY……………………………………………………………………… 150
- SNITCHING CELLMATE…………………………………………………………………………………… 150
- RESURRECTION OF McNABB/MALLORY RULE…………………………………………………………………………………… 151
- REMEDY FOR FIFTH AMENDMENT VIOLATION OF ILLEGALLY OBTAINED CONFESSION IS MOTION TO SUPPRESS AND HEARING: 151
- “IMPEACHMENT” USE OF ILLEGALLY OBTAINED EVIDENCE 152
- ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE 153
- FORM OVER SUBSTANCE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 153
- PEN REGISTER……………………………………………………………………………………………… 153
- OTHER ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 154
- BURDEN OF PROOF……………………………………………………………………………………………… 154
- ELECTRONIC TRACKING DEVICES (“BEEPERS”)……………………………………………………………………………………………… 154
- INSTALLATION: EXTERIOR OF VEHICLE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 155
- INSTALLATION: INTERIOR OF VEHICLE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 155
- INTERIOR OF PARCEL……………………………………………………………………………………………… 155
- MONITORING: SIGNAL EMITTED FROM INSIDE A “ZONE OF PRIVACY” AND REVEALS FACTS OTHERWISE NOT LEGALLY OBTAINABLE WITHOUT A WARRANT………………………………………………………………………………… 156
- MONITORING: SIGNAL EMITTED FROM INSIDE A “ZONE OF PRIVACY” BUT REVEALS ONLY FACTS WHICH CAN BE LEGALLY OBTAINED WITHOUT A WARRANT………………………………………………………………………………… 156
- DURATION OF TRACKING……………………………………………………………………………………………… 157
- STANDING TO CONTEST INSTALLATION……………………………………………………………………………………………… 158
- USE OF ILLEGALLY OBTAINED EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF WIRETAP APPLICATION………………………………………………………………………………… 158
- DEFENDANT AS EAVESDROPPER……………………………………………………………………………………………… 159
- PERSONS ON PROBATION: 160
- PROBATIONER’S FOURTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 160
- PROBATIONERS FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 160
